What Extent Do You Find The Influence Of Rousseaus Views essays

What Extent Do You Find The Influence Of Rousseaus Views essays Rousseaus ideology can be considered as more or less the foundation of the French Revolution. David (1748 1825) was a neo-classical painter of revolution who took his inspiration from both past and present. Davids painting, therefore, considering the fact that he was the painter of the French Revolution, depicted revolutionist ideas. The call-to-arms of the The Oath of Horatii, to the fall of a hero Marat at his Last Breathe and to the rise of Emperor Napoleon at St. Bernard all these painting have demonstrated the highs and lows of the French Revolution. There is a close link between Rousseaus ideas and the The Oath Of Horatii. It is actually a bombardment to the senses of an individuals particular will against a states general will in many senses. This can be seen in the pictorial space, layout of figures, etc. The following essay tries to demonstrate the extent of Rousseaus philosophy on Davids painting, The Oath Of Horatii. Let us first look at Rousseaus philosophy. Tired of intellectual restrictions of religion and the political constraints of absolutism, Jean-Jacques Rousseau came up with ideologies to counteract them. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a person or institution has authority if they are able to command others to do things. That authority becomes legitimate only if the person, or institution, possesses the right to command others. To be legitimate, the authority that the state has over the people must come from the people themselves, and not from a single entity such as the king. Power that comes from such sources is usually referred to as naked power. In such a scenario, it is doubtful as to whether the people are obeying the state because they ought to, or because they are afraid of the consequences if they do not. There is also no guarantee that in the absence of the state, the p...

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008

Levy Patrick Mwanawasa - President of Zambia 2002-2008 Born: 3 September 1948 - Mufulira, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia)Died: 19 August 2008 - Paris, France Early LifeLevy Patrick Mwanawasa was born in Mufulira, in Zambias Copperbelt region, part of the small ethnic group, the Lenje. He was educated at Chilwa Secondary School, in Ndola district, and went to read law at University of Zambia (Lusaka) in 1970. He graduated with a Bachelor of Law degree in 1973. Mwanawasa started his career as an assistant in law firm in Ndola in 1974, he qualified for the bar in 1975, and formed his own law company, Mwanawasa and Co., in 1978. In 1982 he was appointed Vice-chairman of Law Association of Zambia and between 1985 and 86 was the Zambian Solicitor-General. In 1989 he successfully defended former vice-president Lieutenant General Christon Tembo and others charged with plotting a coup against then president Kenneth Kaunda. Start of a Political CareerWhen Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda (United National Independence Party, UNIP) approved creation of opposition parties in December 1990, Levey Mwanawasa joined the newly created Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) under the leadership of Fredrick Chiluba. Presidential elections in October 1991 were won by Frederick Chiluba who took office (as Zambias second president) on 2 November 1991. Mwanawasa became a member of National Assembly for Ndola constituency and was appointed vice president and leader of the Assembly by President Chiluba. Mwanawasa was seriously injured in a car accident in South Africa in December 1991 (his aide died at the site) and was hospitalized for an extended period. He developed a speech impediment as a result. Disillusioned with Chilubas GovernmentIn 1994 Mwanawasa resigned as vice president claming the post was increasingly irrelevant (because he was repeatedly sidelined by chiluba) and that his integrity had been put in doubt after an argument with Micheal Sata, minister without portfolio (effectively the cabinet enforcer) in the MMD government. Sata would later challenge Mwanawasa for the presidency. Mwanawasa publicly accused Chilubas government of endemic corruption and economic irresponsibility, and left to devot his time to his old legal practice. In 1996 Levy Mwanawasa stood against Chiluba for the leadership of the MMD but was comprehensively defeated. But his political aspirations were not finished. When Chilubas attempt to change Zambias constitution to allow hi a third term in office failed, Mwanawasa moved to the forefront once again - he was adopted by the MMDs as their candidate for president. President MwanawasaMwanawasa achieved only a narrow victory in the December 2001 election, although his poll result of 28.69% votes cast was sufficient to win him the presidency on a first-past-the-post system. His nearest rival, out of ten other candidates, Anderson Mazoka received 26.76%. Election result was challenged by his opponents (especially by Mazokas party who claimed they had in fact won). Mwanawasa was sworn into office on 2 January 2002. Mwanawasa and the MMD lacked an overall majority in the National Assembly - due to voter distrust of a party Chiluba had brought into disrepute, from Chilubas attempt to hold on to power, and because Mwanawasa was seen as a Chiluba puppet (Chiluba retained the post of MMD party president). But Mwanawasa moved quickly to distance himself from Chiluba, starting an intensive campaign against the corruption which had plagued the MMD. (Mwanawasa also abolished the Ministry of Defense and took over the portfolio personally, retiring 10 senior military officers in the process.) Chiluba gave up presidency of the MMD in March 2002, and under Mwanawasas guidance the National Assembly voted to remove the former presidents immunity to prosecution (he was arrested in February 2003). Mwanawasa defeated a similar attempt to impeach him in August 2003. Ill HealthConcerns over Mwanawasas health arose after he suffered a stroke in April 2006, but he recovered enough to stand once again in presidential elections winning with 43% of the vote. His nearest competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF) received 29% of the vote. Sata typically claimed voting irregularities. Mwanawasa suffered an second stroke in October 2006. On 29 June 2008, hours before the start of an African Union summit, Mwanawasa had a third stroke reportedly much more severe than the previous two. He was flown to France for treatment. Rumors of his death soon circulated, but were dismissed by the government. Rupiah Banda (member of the United National Independence Pary, UNIP), who had been vice-president during Mwanawasas second term, became acting president on 29 June 2008. On 19 August 2008, in hospital in Paris, Levy Patrick Mwanawasa died of complications due to his earlier stroke. He will be remembered as a political reformist, who secured debt relief and led Zambia through a period of economic growth (partly bolstered by the international rise in the price of copper).

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist Essay - 1

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist - Essay Example ainter near the Umbrian school, the first who practised foreshortening with much success and one of the most outstanding fresco painters of the 15th century.... Â  Marco Palmezzano, 1an Italian from Forli, Romagna ( 1460 – 1539) would be considered as a High Renaissance Artist would depend upon which of his works was being considered. He originally trained as an artist under the master Melozzo da Forli and his earliest work is perhaps the fresco decoration dating from around1480-84 of the vault of the sacristy of the treasury at Santa Casa, Loreto, which was designed by Melozzo da Forli considered to be a great master of perspective and had worked with the better known Piero Della Francesa. Marco was working with his teacher on fresco for the Capella Feo in S.Girolamo, in the town of Forli when the older man died, work that has since been destroyed by war action. Henry La Farge says of the relationship between the two artists Mellozo and Della Francesca that Mellozo:- It is likely that he had also studied architecture in Urbino, according to an article originally written in 1915.3 This seems likely when the fine architectural detail in many of his works is considered , including the one under consideration, as well as his familiarity with various types of marble and his ability to reproduce them on canvas or other material. The same writer points out how Marco Palmezzano would signed himself as the pupil of Melozzo, and the fact that this has caused confusion as to who actually painted a piece and their works have consequently been misattributed. This would also in part explain why Palmezzano is relatively unknown despite having works on exhibition in such prestigious places as the National Gallery4 and The Courtauld Institute, both in London, but also in many other places in Western Europe, in Australia and the United States of America. At some point in his twenties Palmezzano he traveled to Rome, where it is possible he painted the fresco in th e church

Communication and interaction within married couples at church Essay

Communication and interaction within married couples at church - Essay Example This problem depends upon a number of factors, which are both communicational and condemnatory. The principles that underline the seriousness of this problem include blocks like lack of communication, age factor with relevance to immaturity, lack of decision making skills, insensitiveness, early child care situations, and lack of awareness. This prime and most pondered upon issue is being spread like fire all around the researches in contemporary literature, which is why a basis of this issue with reference to its illustration through research will be provided. It is believed that in order for human beings to survive in a society, it is necessary for them to communicate. Is that why man is a social animal? To be accurate, it is true and very much factual. Human beings cannot survive if they are unable to communicate and lack interpersonal skills. Communication skills can be defined as ‘That situation in which a source transmits a message to a receiver with conscious intent to a ffect the latter’s behavior.’ This specifies that the process of expressing thoughts and messages through language or actions is called communication. Hence, it verifies that without the help of communication, human beings cannot continue to exist; especially without speech, because it is thought to be exceedingly imperative as we need to slot in and complete very complex everyday jobs involving collaboration. To validate that proper communication you should be is indispensable; Bach & Grant (2009) said â€Å"There are times, though, when we experience situations where we consider that an interaction did not go smoothly; perhaps we were misunderstood or a friend reacted differently to how we expected.† Explaining the importance of communication between couples, another important term with reference to communication, is ‘nonverbal communication skills’; these skills are meant to make the communicator feel safe, respected, and understood. Petersen (20 07) has verified â€Å"Listening to understand requires a non-judgmental attitude that can go against what most of us were taught, that is, to listen for rights and wrongs.† Therefore, the aspect which has been selected for influencing problems that married couples face is lack of communication. Communication students can directly relate to this topic, as it verifies how lack of communication could reform the society and how these students can elucidate its reach. The fact that problems couples face after marriage has immersed in almost all societies, and what is more essential for elaboration is the fact that it is spontaneously shifting its frame of totality in all societies, which makes it perplexed to be analyzed in a specified precinct. Hence, this problem, its effectiveness and its causes are under assessment with the help of reviewing literature and a qualitative research method. It has been formulated that misunderstandings between couples emerge due to the fact that men and women communicate differently. Instead of communicating with each other, couples tend to talk to others about it and do not gain the idea that this would not solve problems. What needs to be pondered upon is that while staying on this path, couples become hopeless and verify that communication is of no use. Rather than making each other understand the issues they are facing, couples move towards differences which lead to problems like divorces and separations. The specified reason that this topic has been

Solar Access Laws :: Essays Papers

Solar Access Laws Brief History of Solar Access Ralph Knowles’ paper, â€Å"The Solar Envelope† further discusses the high priority given to structures that reflected the path of the sun in ancient civilizations. The Acoma Pueblo Settlement west of Albuquerque, New Mexico has been occupied by over one thousand years. In Acoma, buildings are arranged in rows oriented to the south at intervals down the hillside. The buildings collectively face south, toward warming rays of winter sun and away from heating east/west sun of summer. In the winter the low sun warms thick masonry walls that in turn warm interior rooms into the night. In the summer the sun passes overhead hitting (and reflecting off of) roofs and terraces. The Acoma houses are spaced to offer protection in summer by sharing sidewalls and so as not to shade one another in winter. Necessity of Solar Access Laws As societies have placed value on solar access for centuries, we are faced in a time of extreme exponential growth with the challenges of maintaining equal solar access for all. Equal Solar Access is important in two fundamental ways. The first is science based. Solar access saves energy. In 1988 the Tacoma Energy Office conducted the â€Å"Tacoma Solar Access and Economic Benefits Study† and found that solar lot orientation reduces energy use by between ten and twenty percent per single-family housing unit (Aalfs 1997). As in Acoma, the Tacoma energy office recognized the fundamental role the sun could play in efficient energy use and ultimately energy conservation. In Tacoma, energy savings were identified as the primary goal of solar access standards. In Tacoma they cited further that energy savings would be likely to go up in the future with the development of solar technologies and diminishing supplies of petroleum products. Individuals and businesses in both the private and public sectors must have equal opportunity to alternative energy systems that may use the infinite (at least until the sun super novas) supply of solar energy. It is necessary to maintain equal access for not only current energy savings but for alternative energy strategies in the future. Ultimately, the sun is integral to all life. Knowles states that it is the warmth, energy and rhythm of our lives. It â€Å"informs our perceptions of time and space and our scale in the universe.† Knowles goes as far as to say, â€Å"Without the assurance of solar access, we face uncertainty and disorientation.

Neriagi Nerikomi

Neriage and Nerikomi are two ceramic techniques that have been used for many years by various ceramicists. Although the terms Neriage and Nerikomi are used interchangeably they are very different. Neriage is done on a potter’s wheel and means that the clay is being mixed and pulled up as it is thrown where as Nerikomi is done by hand and by pressing clay into a mold. Both methods are done with colored clays which are usually earth tones such as grey, reds, blues, and beige. Neriage and Nerikomi both originated from Japan and other areas of Asia where they have been practiced for a period of time. Neriage means to pull up and mix. This is what creates the pattern of colors within the clay. Two different color clays are mixed together to try and imitate the look of agate; that is why is it also called agateware. Agate is a variety of quartz that comes in a variety of colors. Neriage was brought into America and Europe in the twentieth century by the Mingei. The founder of the Mingei was Yanagi Soetsu. Mingei means art of the people and was an art movement in Japan. The goal was to create basic art made by ordinary people that still had an artistic flair. Nerikomi means to mix and press into. Nerikomi is done by hand rather than on a wheel. The same concept of mixing is used in Nerikomi as in Neriage. It is made by mixing metal oxides and stains into the clay to give it it’s color. The clay is then shaped into logs and then molded into forms. Each form is molded to a uniform thickness and an identical pattern is created on each side of the form. Nerikomi began in the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century and has been practiced by the Europeans and Egyptians. This technique is very complex but is very down to earth in the making process. It is made by hand and is very traditional. Nerikomi is a very difficult process but the end result is beautiful. Various artists throughout time have used these techniques. Matsui Kosei has used both techniques. Matsui Kosei is considered a master of Neriage. He researched the ceramics of Japan, China, and Korea to become a scholar of his trade. He was born in 1927 which was the start of the folk art movement in Japan. Being born in this time probably influenced him greatly because its main goal was to support the belief that ordinary people can do extraordinary things. He has made many pieces such as bowls, vases, vessels, and various other things. Rich Alexander is another artist that has been introduced to Neriage. He is from Clinton, Washington and aspires to create rustic pieces with a modern feel. His work is simple pots and vases. He chooses to use browns and beiges because of his closeness to nature. His signature designs and glazes include wood ashes to give the piece a more natural texture and color. Another artist is Thivo. Her work consists of Nerikomi and other ceramics. She was originally born in Vietnam but moved to France for professional arts training. After this she moved to New York City. Her main designs are flowers and abstract colors. Her bowls and vessels are odd designs and contain an almost mesh like pattern on the edges. Her pieces are also very symbolistic of nature. Neriage and Nerikomi are both ceramic methods that originate from Japan and other areas of Asia. Although the techniques are often confused they are very different and started over a hundred years apart. Neriage is a much younger art form compared to the ancient Nerikomi. Both techniques are very complex and take much study to perfect. Many artists such as; Matsui Kosei, Rich Alexander, and Thivo have reached a greatness within these art forms and many will continue to practice these timeless methods.

Multi Genre Paper The Iroquois Creation Story - 902 Words

Multi-genre Paper: The Iroquois Creation Story The topic I chose to write about is â€Å"The Iroquois Creation Story† written by David Cusick. I chose this topic because I thought the Native American’s belief of how the world was created is interesting. I’ve decided to do this project as a narrative through the view of the turtle. There are twenty-five different versions of the The Iroquois Creation Story, but the one I will be focusing on is the version that David Cusick wrote. One example of the different way versions of this story is called â€Å"The Woman Who Fell from the Sky: The Iroquois Story of Creation†. This story is different because it explains that â€Å"Pushed by her jealous husband, a sky woman falls from the heavens to the watery void below, where she creates the earth, sun, and stars.† (â€Å"The Woman Who Fell from the Sky: The Iroquois Story of Creation†). This is different than David Cusick’s version because it did not specify if the woman had a husband and the woman sunk down to the place below her. Another version of the story explains that â€Å"After some time, the old woman perceived her daughter to be pregnant, but could not discover where the father had gone, or who he was. At the time of delivery, the twins disputed which way they should go out of the womb;† (â€Å"Iroquois Creation Myth, 1816†). This version is different because in David Cusick’s version, there was no mention of the woman being a daughter and the twins did not dispute on which way they